Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya
Wanyoike Muchiri,
Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat,
Munyao Thomas,
Lutta Samuel,
Kiplagat Andrew,
Kudenyo Chibole
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
58-67
Received:
1 April 2021
Accepted:
11 June 2021
Published:
21 July 2021
Abstract: The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling points were identified; three bubbling points labeled as (P1, P2, and P4), a shallow well (P3), river (P5), and a spring (P6). A total of 60 samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The samples were selected cations and anions, indicator bacteria, carbonation and physio-chemical properties. Spectrophotometry (HACH DR6000) was used to determine the concentrations of Nitrates, Phosphates, iron, manganese, Flame photometry was used for sodium and potassium determination, argentometric method for chloride, membrane filtration was used to determine total and feacal coliforms, dissolved carbon dioxide was determined using a carbonation meter (CarboQC). The water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, using portable pre-calibrated HANNA waterproof Tester pH, TDS, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Meter (model HI 98129), complexiometric titration was used to establish the total hardness in the water. Results: The water was contaminated with feacal and total coliforms in all the sampling points P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6. High turbidity was recorded in sampling points P1, P2, P4, high amounts of iron and manganese above those recommended by WHO and KEBS for drinking water were recorded in most sampling points. The water recorded low pH values in both seasons for all but P5 sampling points with 6.8 and 6.37 in the rainy and dry seasons. The pH values for the other samples ranged between 3.41 - 4.93 in the rainy season and 3.8-5.25 in the dry season. The dissolved CO2 concentration of the water ranged from 1.20 g/L to 2.65 g/L in the rainy season and 1.50 g/L to 3.00 g/L in the dry season for all sampling points but P5 recorded CO2 values of 0.5 and 0.4 g/L for rainy and dry season respectively. The results showed the water from all the sampling points except P5, contained sufficient dissolved carbon dioxide for use as natural carbonated water. However, purification and treatment is necessary to lower the turbidity of the water, eliminate the microbial contaminants and adjust pH to at least 4, to conform to the KEBS recommendation for naturally carbonated water.
Abstract: The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling ...
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Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
68-81
Received:
19 August 2021
Accepted:
6 September 2021
Published:
23 September 2021
Abstract: In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km2 in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and field survey data were used to extract hydrogeomorphic features to develop thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, rainfall, slope, aspect, drainage density and lineament. These thematic layers were integrated into a GIS environment and the criteria for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and the adequacy of groundwater quality for human consumption were identified. The weighted index overlap analysis was followed to delineate potential groundwater areas and the weights of the above criteria were determined by the analytical hierarchy process method and this study confirmed that the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions which affect groundwater prospecting and their weight can change depending on the condition of each region. Piedmont area between the Giri and Bata rivers, intensively cultivated and have excellent underground potential. Based on the final hydrogeomorphic map, 3.6% representing the valley fields deposits offer a very high groundwater potential. Dissected hills of granite rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestones and sandstones distributed throughout the remaining area, accounted for 3.2%, 52.24%, 33.92% and 7.0% respectively, a very low, low, moderate and very high groundwater potential respectively. The results of the water analysis indicated a high hardness value (> 300 mg / l) throughout the region, but it is below the permitted limit (<600 mg / l). It has been noted that the iron (Fe) content is exceeded in some areas beyond the permitted limit (0.3 mg / l) and this may be due to various reasons probably due to the iron casing of the tube well and or aquifers may have been contaminated by ion-rich rocks and the soil of the region.
Abstract: In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km2 in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and...
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