Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption

Dissanayake DMDOK

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption

Dissanayake DMDOK

Published in Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 10, Issue 4)

Received: 19 August 2021 Accepted: 6 September 2021 Published: 23 September 2021

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Abstract

In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km² in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and field survey data were used to extract hydrogeomorphic features to develop thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, rainfall, slope, aspect, drainage density and lineament. These thematic layers were integrated into a GIS environment and the criteria for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and the adequacy of groundwater quality for human consumption were identified. The weighted index overlap analysis was followed to delineate potential groundwater areas and the weights of the above criteria were determined by the analytical hierarchy process method and this study confirmed that the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions which affect groundwater prospecting and their weight can change depending on the condition of each region. Piedmont area between the Giri and Bata rivers, intensively cultivated and have excellent underground potential. Based on the final hydrogeomorphic map, 3.6% representing the valley fields deposits offer a very high groundwater potential. Dissected hills of granite rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestones and sandstones distributed throughout the remaining area, accounted for 3.2%, 52.24%, 33.92% and 7.0% respectively, a very low, low, moderate and very high groundwater potential respectively. The results of the water analysis indicated a high hardness value (> 300 mg / l) throughout the region, but it is below the permitted limit (<600 mg / l). It has been noted that the iron (Fe) content is exceeded in some areas beyond the permitted limit (0.3 mg / l) and this may be due to various reasons probably due to the iron casing of the tube well and or aquifers may have been contaminated by ion-rich rocks and the soil of the region.

Published in	Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
Page(s)	68-81
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Groundwater, Geology, Geomorphology, Structure, Slope, Aspect, Drainage Density, Rain Fall

References

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APA Style

Dissanayake DMDOK. (2021). Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 10(4), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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ACS Style

Dissanayake DMDOK. Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2021, 10(4), 68-81. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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AMA Style

Dissanayake DMDOK. Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2021;10(4):68-81. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12,
  author = {Dissanayake DMDOK},
  title = {Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {68-81},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20211004.12},
  abstract = {In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km2 in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and field survey data were used to extract hydrogeomorphic features to develop thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, rainfall, slope, aspect, drainage density and lineament. These thematic layers were integrated into a GIS environment and the criteria for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and the adequacy of groundwater quality for human consumption were identified. The weighted index overlap analysis was followed to delineate potential groundwater areas and the weights of the above criteria were determined by the analytical hierarchy process method and this study confirmed that the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions which affect groundwater prospecting and their weight can change depending on the condition of each region. Piedmont area between the Giri and Bata rivers, intensively cultivated and have excellent underground potential. Based on the final hydrogeomorphic map, 3.6% representing the valley fields deposits offer a very high groundwater potential. Dissected hills of granite rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestones and sandstones distributed throughout the remaining area, accounted for 3.2%, 52.24%, 33.92% and 7.0% respectively, a very low, low, moderate and very high groundwater potential respectively. The results of the water analysis indicated a high hardness value (> 300 mg / l) throughout the region, but it is below the permitted limit (<600 mg / l). It has been noted that the iron (Fe) content is exceeded in some areas beyond the permitted limit (0.3 mg / l) and this may be due to various reasons probably due to the iron casing of the tube well and or aquifers may have been contaminated by ion-rich rocks and the soil of the region.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption
AU  - Dissanayake DMDOK
Y1  - 2021/09/23
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 68
EP  - 81
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
AB  - In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km2 in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and field survey data were used to extract hydrogeomorphic features to develop thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, rainfall, slope, aspect, drainage density and lineament. These thematic layers were integrated into a GIS environment and the criteria for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and the adequacy of groundwater quality for human consumption were identified. The weighted index overlap analysis was followed to delineate potential groundwater areas and the weights of the above criteria were determined by the analytical hierarchy process method and this study confirmed that the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions which affect groundwater prospecting and their weight can change depending on the condition of each region. Piedmont area between the Giri and Bata rivers, intensively cultivated and have excellent underground potential. Based on the final hydrogeomorphic map, 3.6% representing the valley fields deposits offer a very high groundwater potential. Dissected hills of granite rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestones and sandstones distributed throughout the remaining area, accounted for 3.2%, 52.24%, 33.92% and 7.0% respectively, a very low, low, moderate and very high groundwater potential respectively. The results of the water analysis indicated a high hardness value (> 300 mg / l) throughout the region, but it is below the permitted limit (<600 mg / l). It has been noted that the iron (Fe) content is exceeded in some areas beyond the permitted limit (0.3 mg / l) and this may be due to various reasons probably due to the iron casing of the tube well and or aquifers may have been contaminated by ion-rich rocks and the soil of the region.
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Dissanayake DMDOK

Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Sri Lanka

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Dissanayake DMDOK. (2021). Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 10(4), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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ACS Style

Dissanayake DMDOK. Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2021, 10(4), 68-81. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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AMA Style

Dissanayake DMDOK. Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2021;10(4):68-81. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12,
  author = {Dissanayake DMDOK},
  title = {Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {68-81},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20211004.12},
  abstract = {In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km2 in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and field survey data were used to extract hydrogeomorphic features to develop thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, rainfall, slope, aspect, drainage density and lineament. These thematic layers were integrated into a GIS environment and the criteria for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and the adequacy of groundwater quality for human consumption were identified. The weighted index overlap analysis was followed to delineate potential groundwater areas and the weights of the above criteria were determined by the analytical hierarchy process method and this study confirmed that the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions which affect groundwater prospecting and their weight can change depending on the condition of each region. Piedmont area between the Giri and Bata rivers, intensively cultivated and have excellent underground potential. Based on the final hydrogeomorphic map, 3.6% representing the valley fields deposits offer a very high groundwater potential. Dissected hills of granite rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestones and sandstones distributed throughout the remaining area, accounted for 3.2%, 52.24%, 33.92% and 7.0% respectively, a very low, low, moderate and very high groundwater potential respectively. The results of the water analysis indicated a high hardness value (> 300 mg / l) throughout the region, but it is below the permitted limit (<600 mg / l). It has been noted that the iron (Fe) content is exceeded in some areas beyond the permitted limit (0.3 mg / l) and this may be due to various reasons probably due to the iron casing of the tube well and or aquifers may have been contaminated by ion-rich rocks and the soil of the region.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of Groundwater Prospecting Zones of the Giri River Catchment of the Himachal Pradesh and Its Quality Suitability for Human Consumption
AU  - Dissanayake DMDOK
Y1  - 2021/09/23
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 68
EP  - 81
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.12
AB  - In this research study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS methodology is developed and tested for the evaluation of groundwater resources of the GiRi river catchment area that exceeds 2,684 km2 in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Shimla of Himachal Pradesh. IRS-LISS-III and Landsat 7 data and other datasets, e.g. Existing maps, topographic and field survey data were used to extract hydrogeomorphic features to develop thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, rainfall, slope, aspect, drainage density and lineament. These thematic layers were integrated into a GIS environment and the criteria for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and the adequacy of groundwater quality for human consumption were identified. The weighted index overlap analysis was followed to delineate potential groundwater areas and the weights of the above criteria were determined by the analytical hierarchy process method and this study confirmed that the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions which affect groundwater prospecting and their weight can change depending on the condition of each region. Piedmont area between the Giri and Bata rivers, intensively cultivated and have excellent underground potential. Based on the final hydrogeomorphic map, 3.6% representing the valley fields deposits offer a very high groundwater potential. Dissected hills of granite rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestones and sandstones distributed throughout the remaining area, accounted for 3.2%, 52.24%, 33.92% and 7.0% respectively, a very low, low, moderate and very high groundwater potential respectively. The results of the water analysis indicated a high hardness value (> 300 mg / l) throughout the region, but it is below the permitted limit (<600 mg / l). It has been noted that the iron (Fe) content is exceeded in some areas beyond the permitted limit (0.3 mg / l) and this may be due to various reasons probably due to the iron casing of the tube well and or aquifers may have been contaminated by ion-rich rocks and the soil of the region.
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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