Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya

Wanyoike Muchiri; Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat; Munyao Thomas; Lutta Samuel; Kiplagat Andrew; Kudenyo Chibole

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya

Wanyoike Muchiri, Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat, Munyao Thomas, Lutta Samuel, Kiplagat Andrew, Kudenyo Chibole

Published in Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 10, Issue 4)

Received: 1 April 2021 Accepted: 11 June 2021 Published: 21 July 2021

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Abstract

The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling points were identified; three bubbling points labeled as (P1, P2, and P4), a shallow well (P3), river (P5), and a spring (P6). A total of 60 samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The samples were selected cations and anions, indicator bacteria, carbonation and physio-chemical properties. Spectrophotometry (HACH DR6000) was used to determine the concentrations of Nitrates, Phosphates, iron, manganese, Flame photometry was used for sodium and potassium determination, argentometric method for chloride, membrane filtration was used to determine total and feacal coliforms, dissolved carbon dioxide was determined using a carbonation meter (CarboQC). The water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, using portable pre-calibrated HANNA waterproof Tester pH, TDS, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Meter (model HI 98129), complexiometric titration was used to establish the total hardness in the water. Results: The water was contaminated with feacal and total coliforms in all the sampling points P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6. High turbidity was recorded in sampling points P1, P2, P4, high amounts of iron and manganese above those recommended by WHO and KEBS for drinking water were recorded in most sampling points. The water recorded low pH values in both seasons for all but P5 sampling points with 6.8 and 6.37 in the rainy and dry seasons. The pH values for the other samples ranged between 3.41 - 4.93 in the rainy season and 3.8-5.25 in the dry season. The dissolved CO₂ concentration of the water ranged from 1.20 g/L to 2.65 g/L in the rainy season and 1.50 g/L to 3.00 g/L in the dry season for all sampling points but P5 recorded CO₂ values of 0.5 and 0.4 g/L for rainy and dry season respectively. The results showed the water from all the sampling points except P5, contained sufficient dissolved carbon dioxide for use as natural carbonated water. However, purification and treatment is necessary to lower the turbidity of the water, eliminate the microbial contaminants and adjust pH to at least 4, to conform to the KEBS recommendation for naturally carbonated water.

Published in	Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
Page(s)	58-67
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Natural Carbonated Mineral Water, Bubbling Spring Water, Lifestyle Diseases

References

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[2]	Bisweswar G., Al-Hamairi A., & Jin S., (2020). Carbonated water Injection: An efficient EOR Approach. A Review of Fundamentals and Prospects. Journal of Petroleum and Production Technology 10: 673-685 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-0738-2
[3]	Directive 2009/54/EC of the European Parliament and Council (June, 18^th 2009). Exploitation and Marketing of Natural Mineral Waters. Official Journal of the European Union, L 164, 45-58.
[4]	Kipkorir E C. (2016) Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit, University of Eldoret, Unpublished Report.
[5]	KEBS 2015 KS05-459-1, Drinking Water. Specification Part 1; the Requirements for Drinking Water (ICS 13.060.20), third ed., KBS, Nairobi, 2007.
[6]	Michou E., Mastan A., Ahmed S., Mistry S., & Hamdy S., (2012). Examining the Role of Carbonation and Temperature on ater Sallowing Performance: A Swallowing Reaction –Time Study. Chem Senses. 37 (9): 799-807 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs061.
[7]	Nandi County Integrated Development plan (CIDP)(2013), County Government of Nandi.
[8]	Schoppen, S., Pérez-Granados, A. M., Carbajal, A., Oubiña, P., Sánchez-Muniz, F. J., Gómez-Gerique, J. A., & Vaquero, M. P. (2004). A sodium-rich carbonated mineral water reduces cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. The Journal of nutrition, 134 (5), 1058-1063.
[9]	Rostami B., Mohammadifar M., Pourafshary P., & Khosravi M., (2017). Impact of Pure CO₂ and Carbonated Water Injection to Enhance Recovery of Heavy Oil. Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology, 8 (4) DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463-C1-034.
[10]	Statista. (2018). “Bottled Water.” Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/outlook/20010000/102/bottled-water/europe
[11]	Steen, D., & Ashurst, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Carbonated soft drinks: formulation and manufacture. John Wiley & Sons.
[12]	The World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
[13]	Toxqui L., &Vaquero M. P., (2016). An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults. Nutrients 8 (7), 400 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070400
[14]	Morishita M., Mori S., Yamagami S., & Mizutani M., (2014). Effect of Carbonated Beverages on Pharyngeal Swallowing in Young Individuals and Elderly Inpatients. Dysphagia: (2): 213-22. doi: 10.1007/s00455-013-9493-6.

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Wanyoike Muchiri, Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat, Munyao Thomas, Lutta Samuel, Kiplagat Andrew, et al. (2021). Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 10(4), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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ACS Style

Wanyoike Muchiri; Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat; Munyao Thomas; Lutta Samuel; Kiplagat Andrew, et al. Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2021, 10(4), 58-67. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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AMA Style

Wanyoike Muchiri, Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat, Munyao Thomas, Lutta Samuel, Kiplagat Andrew, et al. Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2021;10(4):58-67. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11,
  author = {Wanyoike Muchiri and Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat and Munyao Thomas and Lutta Samuel and Kiplagat Andrew and Kudenyo Chibole},
  title = {Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {58-67},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20211004.11},
  abstract = {The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling points were identified; three bubbling points labeled as (P1, P2, and P4), a shallow well (P3), river (P5), and a spring (P6). A total of 60 samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The samples were selected cations and anions, indicator bacteria, carbonation and physio-chemical properties. Spectrophotometry (HACH DR6000) was used to determine the concentrations of Nitrates, Phosphates, iron, manganese, Flame photometry was used for sodium and potassium determination, argentometric method for chloride, membrane filtration was used to determine total and feacal coliforms, dissolved carbon dioxide was determined using a carbonation meter (CarboQC). The water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, using portable pre-calibrated HANNA waterproof Tester pH, TDS, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Meter (model HI 98129), complexiometric titration was used to establish the total hardness in the water. Results: The water was contaminated with feacal and total coliforms in all the sampling points P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6. High turbidity was recorded in sampling points P1, P2, P4, high amounts of iron and manganese above those recommended by WHO and KEBS for drinking water were recorded in most sampling points. The water recorded low pH values in both seasons for all but P5 sampling points with 6.8 and 6.37 in the rainy and dry seasons. The pH values for the other samples ranged between 3.41 - 4.93 in the rainy season and 3.8-5.25 in the dry season. The dissolved CO2 concentration of the water ranged from 1.20 g/L to 2.65 g/L in the rainy season and 1.50 g/L to 3.00 g/L in the dry season for all sampling points but P5 recorded CO2 values of 0.5 and 0.4 g/L for rainy and dry season respectively. The results showed the water from all the sampling points except P5, contained sufficient dissolved carbon dioxide for use as natural carbonated water. However, purification and treatment is necessary to lower the turbidity of the water, eliminate the microbial contaminants and adjust pH to at least 4, to conform to the KEBS recommendation for naturally carbonated water.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya
AU  - Wanyoike Muchiri
AU  - Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat
AU  - Munyao Thomas
AU  - Lutta Samuel
AU  - Kiplagat Andrew
AU  - Kudenyo Chibole
Y1  - 2021/07/21
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 58
EP  - 67
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
AB  - The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling points were identified; three bubbling points labeled as (P1, P2, and P4), a shallow well (P3), river (P5), and a spring (P6). A total of 60 samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The samples were selected cations and anions, indicator bacteria, carbonation and physio-chemical properties. Spectrophotometry (HACH DR6000) was used to determine the concentrations of Nitrates, Phosphates, iron, manganese, Flame photometry was used for sodium and potassium determination, argentometric method for chloride, membrane filtration was used to determine total and feacal coliforms, dissolved carbon dioxide was determined using a carbonation meter (CarboQC). The water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, using portable pre-calibrated HANNA waterproof Tester pH, TDS, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Meter (model HI 98129), complexiometric titration was used to establish the total hardness in the water. Results: The water was contaminated with feacal and total coliforms in all the sampling points P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6. High turbidity was recorded in sampling points P1, P2, P4, high amounts of iron and manganese above those recommended by WHO and KEBS for drinking water were recorded in most sampling points. The water recorded low pH values in both seasons for all but P5 sampling points with 6.8 and 6.37 in the rainy and dry seasons. The pH values for the other samples ranged between 3.41 - 4.93 in the rainy season and 3.8-5.25 in the dry season. The dissolved CO2 concentration of the water ranged from 1.20 g/L to 2.65 g/L in the rainy season and 1.50 g/L to 3.00 g/L in the dry season for all sampling points but P5 recorded CO2 values of 0.5 and 0.4 g/L for rainy and dry season respectively. The results showed the water from all the sampling points except P5, contained sufficient dissolved carbon dioxide for use as natural carbonated water. However, purification and treatment is necessary to lower the turbidity of the water, eliminate the microbial contaminants and adjust pH to at least 4, to conform to the KEBS recommendation for naturally carbonated water.
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Wanyoike Muchiri

School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat

School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Munyao Thomas

School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Lutta Samuel

School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Kiplagat Andrew

School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Kudenyo Chibole

School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya

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APA Style

Wanyoike Muchiri, Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat, Munyao Thomas, Lutta Samuel, Kiplagat Andrew, et al. (2021). Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 10(4), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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ACS Style

Wanyoike Muchiri; Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat; Munyao Thomas; Lutta Samuel; Kiplagat Andrew, et al. Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2021, 10(4), 58-67. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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AMA Style

Wanyoike Muchiri, Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat, Munyao Thomas, Lutta Samuel, Kiplagat Andrew, et al. Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2021;10(4):58-67. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11,
  author = {Wanyoike Muchiri and Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat and Munyao Thomas and Lutta Samuel and Kiplagat Andrew and Kudenyo Chibole},
  title = {Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {58-67},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20211004.11},
  abstract = {The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling points were identified; three bubbling points labeled as (P1, P2, and P4), a shallow well (P3), river (P5), and a spring (P6). A total of 60 samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The samples were selected cations and anions, indicator bacteria, carbonation and physio-chemical properties. Spectrophotometry (HACH DR6000) was used to determine the concentrations of Nitrates, Phosphates, iron, manganese, Flame photometry was used for sodium and potassium determination, argentometric method for chloride, membrane filtration was used to determine total and feacal coliforms, dissolved carbon dioxide was determined using a carbonation meter (CarboQC). The water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, using portable pre-calibrated HANNA waterproof Tester pH, TDS, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Meter (model HI 98129), complexiometric titration was used to establish the total hardness in the water. Results: The water was contaminated with feacal and total coliforms in all the sampling points P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6. High turbidity was recorded in sampling points P1, P2, P4, high amounts of iron and manganese above those recommended by WHO and KEBS for drinking water were recorded in most sampling points. The water recorded low pH values in both seasons for all but P5 sampling points with 6.8 and 6.37 in the rainy and dry seasons. The pH values for the other samples ranged between 3.41 - 4.93 in the rainy season and 3.8-5.25 in the dry season. The dissolved CO2 concentration of the water ranged from 1.20 g/L to 2.65 g/L in the rainy season and 1.50 g/L to 3.00 g/L in the dry season for all sampling points but P5 recorded CO2 values of 0.5 and 0.4 g/L for rainy and dry season respectively. The results showed the water from all the sampling points except P5, contained sufficient dissolved carbon dioxide for use as natural carbonated water. However, purification and treatment is necessary to lower the turbidity of the water, eliminate the microbial contaminants and adjust pH to at least 4, to conform to the KEBS recommendation for naturally carbonated water.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Potential Use of Kilibwoni Bubbling Spring Water, Nandi County, Kenya
AU  - Wanyoike Muchiri
AU  - Ng’etich Job Kipkurgat
AU  - Munyao Thomas
AU  - Lutta Samuel
AU  - Kiplagat Andrew
AU  - Kudenyo Chibole
Y1  - 2021/07/21
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 58
EP  - 67
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20211004.11
AB  - The demand for carbonated water in Kenya is in the rise, owing to increasing lifestyle diseases like obesity, which requires that to reduce weight and remain healthy; a lot of carbonated water should be taken throughout the day. This research was set to determine the potetntial use of Kilibwoni bubbling springs in Nandi County, Kenya. Six sampling points were identified; three bubbling points labeled as (P1, P2, and P4), a shallow well (P3), river (P5), and a spring (P6). A total of 60 samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The samples were selected cations and anions, indicator bacteria, carbonation and physio-chemical properties. Spectrophotometry (HACH DR6000) was used to determine the concentrations of Nitrates, Phosphates, iron, manganese, Flame photometry was used for sodium and potassium determination, argentometric method for chloride, membrane filtration was used to determine total and feacal coliforms, dissolved carbon dioxide was determined using a carbonation meter (CarboQC). The water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, using portable pre-calibrated HANNA waterproof Tester pH, TDS, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Meter (model HI 98129), complexiometric titration was used to establish the total hardness in the water. Results: The water was contaminated with feacal and total coliforms in all the sampling points P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6. High turbidity was recorded in sampling points P1, P2, P4, high amounts of iron and manganese above those recommended by WHO and KEBS for drinking water were recorded in most sampling points. The water recorded low pH values in both seasons for all but P5 sampling points with 6.8 and 6.37 in the rainy and dry seasons. The pH values for the other samples ranged between 3.41 - 4.93 in the rainy season and 3.8-5.25 in the dry season. The dissolved CO2 concentration of the water ranged from 1.20 g/L to 2.65 g/L in the rainy season and 1.50 g/L to 3.00 g/L in the dry season for all sampling points but P5 recorded CO2 values of 0.5 and 0.4 g/L for rainy and dry season respectively. The results showed the water from all the sampling points except P5, contained sufficient dissolved carbon dioxide for use as natural carbonated water. However, purification and treatment is necessary to lower the turbidity of the water, eliminate the microbial contaminants and adjust pH to at least 4, to conform to the KEBS recommendation for naturally carbonated water.
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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